Andharan ing ndhuwur mujudake gegambaran wanodya kang idheal. Wanodya kaya iku bisa dadi sumber inspirasi tumrap kiwa tengene. Ora mung saderma ing tataran kang winates –upamane lingkungan kulawarga– nanging bisa luwih adoh maneh tebane. Nganti ana unen-unen: “Ing suwalike pemimpin kang sukses, mesthi ana wanodya kang wicaksana ing samburine”. Wanodya kasebut ora liya, wanodya ayu tama, sing tansah setya ngampingi, aweh panjurung, inspirasi lan nyuntikake energi-energi positip rikalane dibutuhake.

Sejarah tanah Jawa uga ora bisa pinisah saka peranane para wanodya kang ayu tama. Wanodya kang tangguh tanggon lan sanggup ngemban jejibahan sing disampirake ing pundahake.

Reca Pradnyaparamita, lambang ibu kang wicaksana, ditemokake ing Candhi Singasari. (foto: repro buku Lukisan Sejarah-Muhammad Yamin).

Jaman Medang (Mataram Kuna) – Singasari

Sri Isyana Tunggawijaya, saka jaman kerajaan Medang, mujudake raja putri sepisanan sing cinathet ing sejarah, sing nduweni pengaruh gedhe, nurunake raja-raja utawa panguwasa sabanjure ing tanah Jawa (senajan sadurunge uga ana raja putri kang kondhang adil wicaksana, yaitu Putri Shima saka kerajaan Kalinga, nanging sawise paprentahane surut, critane wis ora kocap maneh). Sri Isyana Tunggawijaya wiwit nyekel panguwasa ing taun 947 Masehi, ngganteni kalenggahe ramane yaiku Empu Sendok.

Ing babad tanah Jawa dicritakake manawa Sri Isayana Tunggawijaya anggone ngemudheni paprentahan ing kerajaan Medang bebarengan karo garwane, Sri Lokapala, bangsawan saka Bali. Raja putri iki sing dadi cikal bakal wangsa Isyana, sing nurunake raja-raja agung lan wicaksana. Raja Erlangga saka Kahuripan, isih kapernah putu saka Sri Isyana Tunggawijaya. Erlangga surut, diganteni putrane. Kerajaan dipara loro, Kediri lan Jenggala. Dadi nganti jaman kerajaan Kediri wangsa Isyana isih nyekel kuwasa.

Sawise kerajaan Kediri wiwit mbleret pamore, ana paraga wanodya liya maneh sing nduweni peran akeh kanggo laire kerajaan anyar. Wanodya mau ora liya Ken Dhedhes. Jroning babad tanah Jawa dicritakake yen Ken Dhedhes mono mujudake putri nareswari, yaiku wanita pinilih sing bakal nurunake rajaraja ing tanah Jawa.

Ken Arok sing nalika iku isih dadi punggawa sing ngabdi marang Akuwu Tunggul Ametung ing Tumapel, sawijining dina weruh Ken Dhedhes, garwane sang akuwu sing lagi bali saka ngenggar-enggar ati. Nalika mudhun saka kreta, Ken Dhedhes olehe ngangkat sikil rada kedhuwuren, sinjange nyilak lan katon wentise sing mencorong. Ken Arok kaget meruhi sesawangan kasebut. Kejaba kuwi dheweke uga kepranan marang kasulisyane Ken Dhedhes.

Ken Arok banjur nyritakake apa kang diweruhi iku marang gurune, Begawan Lohgawe lan dijarwani manawa wanodya sing nduweni ciriciri kaya mangkono iku mujudake putri nareswari sing bisa nurunake raja-raja ing Tanah Jawa. Ken Arok sing dhasare wis kepranan, saya adreng anggone kepengin bisa mengku Ken Dhedhes. Ora ana cara liya kanggo ngrebut Ken Dhedhes kejaba nyirnakake Akuwu Tunggul Ametung.

Wekasan sang Akuwu klakon disirnakake nganggo keris Empu Gandring, kanthi nyilih tangane Kebo Ijo. Sabanjure Ken Arok kang ngganteni jumeneng Adipati ing Tumapel. Ken Dhedhes sinengkakake minangka pramesmari. Kamangka wektu kuwi Ken Dhedhes jroning kahanan ngandheg putrane Akuwu Tunggul Ametung. Geneya Ken Dhedhes kok gelem diwengku priya sing nyirnani garwane? Ana crita ing versi liya yen jan-jane Ken Dhedhes anggone palakrama karo Akuwu Tunggul Ametung amarga diculik. Dadi tresnane marang sang akuwu ora mrenthul trusing ati, nanging amarga kepeksa utawa dipeksa.

Sairing lumakune wektu, Ken Arok kasil ngelar kekuwasaane. Ing taun 1222, Ken Arok kasil ngalahake Kertajaya, raja Kediri sing mujudake raja pungkasan saka keturunane Erlangga. Kanthi kalahe Kertajaya ateges wangsa Isana wis cures. Ken Arok banjur ngedegake kerajaan anyar, sing dijenengi Singasari lan dheweke kang jumeneng raja kanthi gelar Sri Ranggah Rajasa Shang Amurwabhumi. Kanthi jumenenge Ken Arok alias Sri Ranggah Rajasa Sang Amurwa Bhumi mau, nandhani babak anyar panguwasa ing tanah Jawa. Saka wangsa Isana gumanti marang wangsa Rajasa.

Bali marang Ken Dhedhes, saka palakramane karo Ken Arok, wanodya kuwi patutan putra 4, lan karo Tunggul Ametung patutan putra siji. Wecane Begawan Lohgawe manawa Ken Dhedhes mujudake putri nareswari sing bakal nurunake raja-raja gung binathara ing tanah Jawa, ing tembe nyata kabukti. Miturut silsilah, para raja ing Singasari -kejaba Tohjaya- tekan Majapahit mujudake anak turune Ken Dhedhes. Becik saka garis Ken Arok apa dene Tunggul Ametung.

Reca Tribhuwana Tunggadewi sing ditemokake ing Candhi Rimbi. (foto repro buku Lukisan Sejarah Muhammad Yamin)

Jaman Majapahit

Mlebu jaman Majapahit, sing uga mujudake jaman emas mungguhing sejarah tanah Jawa, cinathet ana raja putri cacah loro sing nate nglenggahi dhampar kencana, nyekel pucuk panguwasa ing Majapahit, yaiku Tribhuwana Tunggadewi lan Suhita. Tribhuwana ora liya ibune Hayamwuruk, Raja Majapahit kang banget dieringi. Ing jaman Prabu Hayamwuruk, Majapahit ngalami puncak kejayaane.

Tribhuwana Tunggadewi nyata mujudake wanodya kang ngedabedabi. Minangka panguwasa -ratu ing Majapahit- paprentahane klebu sukses. Tribhuwana mujudake ratu kang wicaksana lan ibu kang kebak pangaribawa sing wis nglantarake Hayamwuruk, putrane, nglenggahi dhampar kencana kerajaan Majapahit, minangka ratu gung binathara kang disuyudi dening para kawula.

Nanging ing suwalike kabeh mau, ana satunggaling wanodya ayu tama sing luput saka kawigaten, sing nduweni peran penting kanggo kebangkitan Majapahit, Wanodya mau ora liya Rajapatni Gayatri, garwa prameswarine Raden Wijaya, raja Majapahit sing sepisanan. Gayatri mujudake putrine Prabu Jaya Negara, raja Singasari kang pungkasan.

Ing buku Gayatri Rajapatni sing ditulis dening Earl Drake, mantan Dubes Kanada kanggo Indonesia, adhedhasar babad Nagarakrtagama, nyritakake manawa Gayatri sing ana ing suwalike kabeh keagungan Majapahit. Babad Nagarakrtagama kasebut ditulis dening Prapanca taun 1350, jaman kencana rukmine Majapahit lan saiki diakoni dening Unesco minangka karya agung dunia.

Ing kono Gayatri digambarake minangka wanodya kang nduweni watak agung, wanodya kang kebak wibawa nanging uga kebak welas asih. Gayatri kang nglantarake anak lan putune bisa dadi pribadi kang tangguh tanggon, saengga sanggup ngemban jejibahan minangka pemimpin negara.

Jaman Mataram (Mataram Anyar)

Majapahit surut, mlebu ing jaman kerajaan Demak, Pajang banjur Mataram. Sejarah kaya-kaya bali muter. Yen biyen Empu Sendok mindhahake pusat paprentahan kerajaan Medang sing uga asring disebut Mataram kuna, saka Jawa Tengah menyang Jawa Timur, kerajaan Mataram anyar utawa Mataram Islam sing didegake dening Panembahan Senapati, punjer paprentahan bali menyang Jawa Tengah maneh (saiki mlebu wewengkon Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta).

Ing jaman Mataram anyar (jamane Panembahan Senapati) ana wanodya cacah telu sing ngrenggani pentas sejarah tanah Jawa, nanging kanthi peran sing beda. Sing angka siji, Nyi Adisara. Wanodya iki mujudake selir kinasihe Panembahan Senapati. Dheweke mujudake rante emas sing dipasang Senapati kanggo nelukake Kadipaten Madiun sing kala semana mujudake klilip tumrape Mataram.

Wanodya angka loro, Retna Duminah, putri Panembahan Timur alias Pangeran Emas, Adipati ing Madiun. Retna Dumilah mujudake prajurit pilih tandhing, senapati wanita kang peng-pengan. Kejaba kendel, dheweke uga wicaksana. Dicritakake, nalika Madiun bedhah dijegi dening Mataram, Retna Dumilah kang kapasrahan dadi manggalayuda. Kanthi tetimbangan supaya ora kakehan korban sing pralaya lan dheweke uga ora kelangan rai, Retna Dumilah nindakake siasat kang ampuh.

Panembahan Senopati ditantang maju adhep-adhepan ijen padha ijen. Mesthi wae dikantheni prajanjen sing ora gawe rugine salah siji pihak. Prajanjen mau isine, yen Panembahan Senapati menang, Madiun bakal tumungkul marang Mataram. Suwalike yen Retna Dumilah kang menang, Panembahan Senapati kudu gelem narik prajurite saka bumi Madiun. Wekasan Retna Dumilah kang kalah. Madiun dadi bageyan saka kerajaan Mataram lan Retna Dumilah dipundhut garwa dening Panembahan Senapati. Para keturanane Retna Dumilah sing patutan karo Panembahan Senapati ing tembe kang nerusake nyekel panguwasa ing Kadipaten Madiun.

Sauntara iku Nyi Adisara anggone sesambungan karo panembahan Senapati patutan anak siji wadon yaiku Pembayun. Ing tembe, Pembayun kanthi dibiyantu dening ibune, Nyai Adisara, didadekake alat politike Panembahan Senapati kanggo nelukake Ki Ageng Mangir sing dianggep minangka klilip tumrape Mataram.

Babad tanah Jawa nyritakake manawa wanodya loro iku, ibu lan anak, namur laku dadi ledhek. Supaya anggone namur laku ora kadenangan, Nyi Adisara dadi ledhek sepuh kanthi asma Nyi Pinjung, dene Pembayun migunakake peparap Nyi Madusari. Kanthi rupa ayune mau wekasan Pembayun kasil mikat atine Ki Mangir Wanabaya, panguwasa perdikan Manggir sing dianggep minangka klilip dening Mataram.

Satemene isih akeh paraga-paraga wanodya liyane, kanthi kekurangan lan keluwihane sing uga aweh warna marang lakuning sejarah tanah Jawa, nanging apa kang kaandharake ing ndhuwur wis cukup kanggo makili.

Mahami wanodya padha karo mahami maneka werna karakter sing dadi landhesan kanggo nggayuh tujuan uripe. Kanggo ngranggeh impen, akeh cara sing ditindakake dening para wanodya. Becik iku liwat dalan kang minulya utawa dalan sing nyimpang.

***

Panulis: Ardini Pangastuti Bn.
Panitipriksa: Redhaksi Panjebar Semangat

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